Altruistic Surrogacy Arrangements Essay

Couples around the world find out that they’re unable to conceive children. This is a very heart breaking and detrimental situation in anyones life who is trying to have a child. Infertility affects more than 7 million people in the United States, and about 12 percent of women of childbearing age are considered infertile. Most infertility cases are treated with drug or hormone therapies or surgery. However, about 3 percent of cases require more advanced techniques, such as surrogacy. A surrogate is a woman who carries a child for an individual or a couple. Stories of surrogacy reach back to the Bible with the story of Abraham, his wife, Sarah, and her handmaiden, Hagar. In this story, Sarah finds she is unable to conceive and arranges for Abraham to impregnate Hagar, who goes on to conceive Ishmael. There are two types of surrogacy options, one is traditional surrogacy and the other is gestational surrogacy. A traditional surrogate is a woman who donates her own egg and then carries the pregnancy. The surrogate’s egg is fertilized through artificial insemination with the sperm of the father or a sperm donor. Traditional surrogates are genetically related to the child because their own eggs are used in the process. A gestational surrogate or also known as a gestational carrier, are not biologically or genetically related to the child she carries. Gestational carriers become pregnant through the process of in vitro fertilization, where an embryo or embryos created from the eggs and sperm of the intended parents. Donor eggs and donor sperm are selected by the intended parents are implanted in the uterus for the gestational period of 40 weeks. Intended parents and surrogates have to consider what type of surrogacy arrangement they feel like they are comfortable with. There are two common types of arrangements pertaining to surrogacy, which are commercial and altruistic. In commercial surrogacy the surrogate is paid for her time and effort, any travel involved and related medical expenses not covered by insurance. The chosen surrogate and the intended parents usually don’t know each other before the arrangement. In altruistic surrogacy arrangements, the carrier sees no financial gain, and the arrangements are commonly made with relatives or friends of the intended parents. Surrogacy is against the Church’s teaching, they teach that techniques that entail the dissociation of husband and wife, by the intrusion of a person other than the couple (donation of sperm or ovum, surrogate uterus), are gravely immoral. These techniques (heterologous artificial insemination and fertilization) infringe the child’s right to be born of a father and mother known to him and bound to each other by marriage. They betray the spouses’ â€Å"right to become a father and a mother only through each other (Catechism). † The use of a surrogate mother is a process that is thousands of years old. This is proven in the writings of the Bible in the story of Abraham and his wife Sarah, she was infertile. At this time in the earth’s history, a woman who was childless was often at times shamed by her family and friends. These women would offer their servants to act as a surrogate. The Bible does not specifically forbid the process of surrogacy. The question that you must ask is, whether it is considered to be moral or ethical with keeping children conceived out of love, born from a married couple. The Bible has also been interpreted as stating that children are a gift, not a right. Therefore, God will bless some people with children and others not. Personally I believe surrogacy is an â€Å"okay† practice. Surrogacy ultimately brings joy to the couple and why would god not want us to seek happiness. Surrogacy may seem to be defying God’s will but I think it’s a way of making a precious life out of a bad situation. Being told you will not be able to have your own children is a heart breaking situation. You would never know how it felt until you experience yourself. What gives us the right to judge someone else for wanting a child from their own DNA. If Surrogacy can use one embryo and not kill of the others I think it should be allowed in the church.

Individual Organizational Structure Paper

Individual Organizational Structure Paper MGT/230 July 23, 2012 Todd Lambertson Individual Organizational Structure Paper Facebook is a social-networking site that has a strong organization structure that is appropriate for their particular product; social media. Facebook seems like a simple site that does not require a structure to operate. Twitter works in the same way but is only set up for chatting through posts, or as it is called tweets. Tweets are text-based quotes of up to 140 characters and are posted on the user’s profile page (Shetty, 2010). Users can also send pictures and videos through Twitpics and other sources (O'leary, 2011).Millions of people use Facebook and organizations use them to advertise and to promote their services. Facebook is set up where users have friends who can see each other user’s posts. They also can tag pictures, providing information on who is in a particular picture (O'leary, 2011). Facebook launched in 2004, and is now the most po pular social-networking site. This strong organization structure has allowed Facebook to grow and continue to be strong in a competitive marketplace where the product is your personal life. Facebook has developed their organizational structure to become one of the most used social-networking sites in the world.This spot was previously held by MySpace. MySpace was used by individuals to chat with each other, create music playlists, and to post pictures and other personal information. Businesses never adapted to MySpace like they have with Facebook. Companies have found that it is more worthwhile to advertise with Facebook. Facebook realized that to stay in business and be profitable it would need high traffic on the site and many top advertisers. Once businesses could take advantage of this new web tool, they learned quickly how helpful it was to them. Users can befriend or follow organizations that they are interested in.The organizations can use this platform to promote a product, service, or even a cause. It is simple, easy to use, and effective. Facebook has developed games and applications to entertain a person while they are online. While a person is logged into Facebook a user can change their status, check on a friend’s status, post pictures or even post on their friend’s wall. Facebook is the most popular social-networking site that has developed a business structure that supports their organization. Facebook has many organizational functions that support the different responsibilities from within the organization.Facebook is set up for huge amounts of marketing through the use of advertising, and Twitter allows individual organizations to post tweets to keep followers interested in them. Through games, Facebook makes money by asking users to pay for different parts of the game. Anyone who has played Farmville or other games similar to it will say that these games are addicting. When playing these games users can purchase items in the mar ketplace with coins that they receive from playing that game whether it is from planting crops, harvesting them, crafting items, or harvesting their animals that they have placed on their farms.There are also items in the marketplace that takes cash to buy. In Farmville it is called farm cash, and in order to get farm cash the person has to either buy a card from a department store like Wal-Mart or Target, or they can charge the fees to their credit cards. The amount of farm cash you can buy is low as $10 and a high of $100. The $10 dollars buys that person $55 farm cash, and the $100 dollars buys $250 farm cash. Facebook has many ways to make money and maintain their financial stability; they can constantly try many different things.Because Facebook has a huge amount of daily traffic, organizations are willing to pay to advertise with them. Facebook uses a horizontal and functional organization. They are set up in a way that an employee on the organization chart has a particular se t of responsibilities and skills. These responsibilities and skills are unique to a specific task; they are specialized. A functional organization has specialized departments, and they are grouped according to their business functions or particular skills that each function requires (Bateman & Snell, 2011).Facebook is a strong organization, and it will remain that way for years to come. Companies and organizations from all over the world will continue to use them to promote their ideas, products, or anything else that they want to make known. Dell and Best Buy are focusing their primary efforts on the marketing and their service through social media (O'leary, 2011). There is an easy way to follow charts between each operation. This allows for less confusion and clear channels of authority. Without this, failure is inevitable. While one department is responsible for monitoring he IT (information technology), and another department is responsible for the web content. The same goes for marketing, human resources, and other similar aspects of the business. Every department is specialized and functions effectively this way. Without the proper structure, information can get confused and the responsibilities get unclear. This will create total chaos and in the end will cause the website to fail or collapse. For a business to be successful, it has to have an effective organizational structure. A basic organization structure gives any business direction which that allows it to function at its fullest potential.One of the first steps in starting up a business is to create a basic organization structure and to have it show all the departments, what their functions are, and who will be running it (Shetty, 2010). A functional organization is the proper structure for Facebook because of the different type of business they are. If responsibilities in the departments were not properly defined or organized, it can cause them to be less functional and less effective at social-n etworking. Social-networking sites are here to stay and Facebook is leading the way. They have learned from other social-networking sites like MySpace.That is what it takes to create huge traffic and attract many and different advertisers. By creating an effective organizational structure, they can remain successful and have little or limited internal issues. References Bateman, T. S. , ; Snell, S. A. (2011). Management: Leading ; collaborating in a competitive world (9th ed. ). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Irwin. O’Leary, D. E. (2011). The use of social media in the supply chain: survey and extensions. , 18(2/3), p121-144. Shetty, N. (2010). Organizational structures. Retrieved from http://www. managementparadise. com/forums/human-resources-management-h-r/215152-organizational-structure. html

Only Child or With Siblings Essay

Being an only child or living with siblings†¦ what’s better? Let’s talk about the positive and negative aspects. Being an only child can be positive because you have all the attention of your parents only for you, parents do everything for you. You get the best education, the best toys, trips and parents have more money to spend on you. You don’t have to share anything. Likewise, you don’t have to fight for your room, food, gifts and for your parents love. There is nothing to feel jealous about or to compete for. Not only that, but you have more friends and become more resourceful and creative at the time of playing. In spite of, being an only child can make you selfish and feel you are the most important person because you are used to all the attention at home. When you are an only child parents tend to be overprotective and expect the best from you always. Moreover, only child can sometimes feel lonely and bored. On the other hand having siblings has some advantages. First of all, there are many members in the family to be around with, play, eat and at the end of the day there is always someone to talk with. In addition, whenever you have a difficulty there is always a sibling who would defend you. Besides when you live with siblings you can borrow things and learn to get along with others in a better way, practice the values of sharing, tolerance, love and caring. In contrast to this, there are also disadvantages in having siblings; most of the time there is no privacy for you. You must share your room, toys, clothes and food because it is very expensive to raise many children at the same time. Furthermore, child with other siblings spend most of the time fighting and arguing. Besides, when parents have more than one child the responsibility is bigger and they are always tired. However, being and only child or not as long as you have a family that takes care of you and loves you is what matters the most. Krizia Gomez

THE CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES POSED BY SOCIAL MEDIA FOR DESTINATION Research Paper

THE CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES POSED BY SOCIAL MEDIA FOR DESTINATION MARKETING - Research Paper Example This new and renewed focus on the tourism therefore also requires a new and fresh approach for tourism destination marketing as an essential and critical component of the overall process. This has also required the marketers to take a very strategic approach towards the destination marketing and design and develop their strategies in such a manner which can optimize the use of the resource. Social media has recently emerged as one of the key trends in the information technology market wherein connecting people through web has become a new norm. Social media however, also presented an opportunity for marketing by using the social networking websites such as Facebook and Twitter. This paper will present a review of how the social media can actually have an impact on the destination marketing, what challenges and opportunities it presents and how marketers can actually take advantage of this new and emerging trend in the market. Destination Marketing Destination marketing is a relativel y new and unique concept outlining as to how the destination marketers can actually take a more robust and strategic view of the destination marketing and use it for strategic purposes. This view is considered as in-line with the mainstream marketing which is managed as a strategic business planning tool to achieve the overall business objectives. Destination marketing therefore is also viewed as a market oriented strategic approach to develop the locations in such a manner that they take into consideration the overall interests of the customers while at the same time balancing the requirements and interests of other stakeholder groups in the community also. (Blumberg, 2005) This approach to destination marketing therefore views this as a very conscious and thoughtful process which requires a commitment of time and resources to develop and build the locations in such a manner that they can reflect the overall market sentiments. What is however, different for the destination marketer s is their inability to control the product because of the overall nature of the product they are marketing. This therefore also offers them an insight into how to tap the target market in order to ensure that the location attracts the people who are willing to visit it and spend there. This change or shift from the traditional marketing concepts where more focus is being given on the product, destination marketers will have to face a dual challenge of balancing the act between the product and the target market for the product. The focus on the target market is also based on the assumption that different individuals prefer different locations due to different reasons. In order to tap into the different niches which the differences in the choices of the consumers can offer therefore require an strong focus on the target market and how it behave and react to different changes taking place in the marketing. Since in destination marketing, marketers often do not control the product dire ctly therefore this leaves a little room for them to actually modify or change the product but rather use its existing attributes to attract the target market. As such marketers therefore often tend to create a kind of experience which can develop the customer satisfaction and can generate the repeat customers. This is because of the fact that the destinations offer different and unique experiences and each one have their own strengths and

Write a literature review about Healthcare ethics Essay

Write a literature review about Healthcare ethics - Essay Example Often, these standards are the subject of rigorous debate as religion or social agendas come to bear on the question of morality. This paper will examine some of the most recent professional literature in an effort to codify the existing standards, as well as reporting on the prevailing trends in regards to new technologies, the impact of culture, and the evolving morality surrounding life and the end of life care. Healthcare is an extremely broad field comprised on numerous disciplines, and myriad roles for healthcare workers within each discipline. This paper will not address a specific discipline, but instead will examine healthcare ethics from a broad lens while focusing on the commonalities found throughout the different fields. Numerous professional organizations have their own codes of ethics and may have specific guidelines that deal with their clinical specialty. As an example, this may be seen in addiction services, mental health, or gender transformation. However, this paper will report with a broader brush and a major portion will be spent focusing on recent developments in ethics and the challenges that all healthcare workers face in the light of technology, changing demographics, and evolving social standards. Literature Review End of Life Care One of the critical aspects of healthcare ethics is providing palliative care for the terminally ill, and the numerous issues facing end of life care. One of these important ethical issues is 'medical futility', and the application of medical treatment that has little hope of being beneficial. There can be significant disagreements among the patient, family, physician, and insurance providers that all have different treatment goals, as well as their own personal interpretation of medical futility (Bagheri 46). A hospital ethical review board, at the initiation of a physician or the patient, often mediates this dilemma. In a recent comprehensive study conducted at the Mayo Clinic, Rochester Minnesota, the most frequently cited reasons for an ethics review were "the permissibility of withholding and withdrawing life sustaining treatments, resuscitation issues, [and the] appropriateness of treatment (ie, futility vs. nonfutility" (Swetz et al. 690). However, this issue is steeped in con troversy, and according to Bagheri, "Some argue that physicians should be given sole authority to make decisions to withhold or withdraw treatment" (47). Indeed, multiple studies have indicated that in the US, as well as in Europe, physicians unilaterally withhold treatment that they deem futile without consulting either the patient or their family (Bagheri 47). This approach demeans the patient's mental well-being and disregards the ethical component of autonomy. If a patient is mentally capable, they should be apprised of the lack of potential benefit (futility) of a treatment. Eliminating the patient from being informed, or a part of the decision making process, is at best a questionable ethical practice. Still, "physicians cannot be forced (or even expected) to give 'futile' treatment to their patients" (Loewy 299). One question that should routinely be asked when making an ethical decision regarding futility is 'are there any better alternatives'. Professional medical organizations have

Strategic Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Strategic Management - Research Paper Example Strategic management plays a significant role in the growth and competitiveness of any organisation. British Airways in order to maintain its competitiveness in the existing contemporary global business environment requires identifying the need for strategic change. In order to successfully cope up with the changing global environment as well as consumer demand, an organisation like British Airways requires assessing their external environmental factors. In the process of undertaking organisational change, the support and constructive approach of the management plays a key part. Thus, in order to sustain its position in among the tough competitive global market BA requires performing and managing changes according to the need of the hour. Therefore, the study will look to evaluate need for strategic change for British Airways and the method by which the organisation should look to realign with respect to its external environment. ... pects which can be recognized for BA in the process of strategic change are the need for providing customer satisfaction which had seen a decline and also make substantial technological advancements which will enable them to attract as well as retain consumers. This overall strategic change can also aid BA to enhance overall experience of the customers. In the airline sector, the customer retention is one of the major aspects. With the advent of so many low-fare airlines along with the need for providing high level of safety and security, the people process strategy and technological advancements have become inseparable components for any airline organisation (Quy, 2011). The strategic management objectives for BA in the past market few years have been to become the ‘world’s leading global premium airline’. In order to make their cost base more efficient and to provide unparallel customer service they need to constantly evaluate the present scenario and look for a ny possible opportunity (British Airways, 2010). Despite their endeavor and prospects of growth and sustainability BA require to be always on their toes due to the existing complexities in their operations. The airline industry globally as well as in the UK is highly competitive. By referring to Michael Porter’s five forces model it can be observed that the barriers to entry in the industry is quite high. Therefore, the existing players in the market have been able to sustain their position in the market. The other significant aspects that compel BA to undertake strategic change includes government regulations, availability of funding from the designated financial markets, terrorism, pandemics and others. The aspects related to mergers and acquisitions among the competitors can also force BA to

Technology is Bad for Us Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Technology is Bad for Us - Essay Example These are only a small fraction of the numerous reasons why technology has been considerably harmful to the lives and wellbeing of the people whom it affects. While it has had a reasonable number of positive effects on the lives of these people also, it seems that if health and the emotional wellbeing of people are priorities for a society, the negative effects outweigh the positive effects. One major reason, which is widely accepted throughout every part of the world, is that the increasing technology is affecting the health of people negatively. This is a fact, which has a significant impact on any country or city, where the people experience a significant influence of technology in their everyday lives. This occurs mainly because technology offers people several alternatives to physical exertion. The people, whose ancestors used to walk for miles to get from any location to the next, have the luxury to drive themselves. This ease has facilitated their lives so much that they hesit ate to distances, which require ten-minute walk. Even these ten minutes seem a lot to spare to someone who is living in the fast-moving world of today, a world, which has speeded up immensely due to the rise of technological advancement. Nevertheless, even those people who do not work under the pressure of deadlines and time constraints choose to take this shortcut to travelling, simply because it is the easier, more convenient option. This has led to a very serious problem amongst the people of today, which is obesity and high cholesterol, each of which are avoidable only if one is in the habit of physically exerting themselves daily, whether by exercise, sports or simply walking the distances they need to travel (Kates, Hohenesmer and Kasperson, pp. 402-460). The obesity one sees in the developed countries today is something, which was not so common just a few decades ago. This in itself is proof that technology has had an adverse effect on the wellbeing of people. There are also several other aspects of technology today, which encourage people to choose convenience over hard work, simply due to the ease with which the relevant technology is available. An example of this phenomenon is how people choose to send emails, text messages and call people rather than going to visit them or using a slightly less convenient method of communication, such as writing a letter. This, on the surface of it, is a large advantage of technology, as it is an example of the several ways in which technology makes our lives more efficient and speedy. However, people pay a large price in terms of the negative effect this has on the relationships between people. There was once a time when one would make an effort to meet their family occasionally, if living separately, in order to maintain the relationship, and embellish the bond that exists between them. This has, however, been dismissed from the list of priorities as people have learned to replace a heartfelt meeting with a twenty -minute phone call. The level of intimacy in the interactions has decreased due to this reason, as people do not value meeting in person as much as they used to. Friends, who would keep in touch by meeting occasionally and catching up with each other, are now content with exchanging a few words through text message or Facebook wall posts. One can compare this substitute for live meetings to substituting fresh vegetables for canned food. While the content of both the meetings and the text messages

Key Ideas of Liberalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Key Ideas of Liberalism - Essay Example Political liberalism Liberalism supports constitutional democracy. Liberalism advocates for the protection of human and individual civil rights as well as their freedoms. Under political liberalism, every human being should be fairly and equally treated under the rule of law. Political liberalism seeks at preventing tyranny by supporting constitutional forms of democracy where power becomes vested upon individuals elected by people being governed (Hobhouse 2009, p.19). Liberalism advocates that representative democracy is the best form of government as there is balance between the rule and rights of minority. Liberalism ideally stipulates that power of government should be limited through decentralization. Liberalism vests the power of the government in the ability of people to choose their leaders through free and fair voting systems. Through constitutional democracy, liberalists postulate that the rule of law should be limited. People should be able to govern themselves by voting in their preferred lea ders. The church and government should be separated and treated differently. Political liberalism advocates for competitive politics through multi-party politics (Hobhouse 2009, p.19). Individuals become allowed to freely choose political parties that represent their ideologies. Governments’ sole aim becomes to protect the rights of its citizens by following a constitution designed by its citizens. The government should be distinguished from society according to political liberalism.... Trade should be designed to be free, fair and open within a state or between states. Liberalists argue that free, open and fair trade allow for economic expansion and promotes international peace. Economic liberalism also argues for economic freedom where individuals take part in economic forms they desire. Liberalists also stipulate that the state should provide equal economic opportunity for all. All human beings should be provided with economic freedom such as to trade. Social liberalism Social liberalism concerns itself with protection and expansion of human rights as well as civil liberty (Hobhouse 2009, p.14). Liberalism stipulates that governments should protect the rights of its individuals. Liberalist ideals argue for human rights such as those to speech, religion and association. Human rights and freedom should be accorded to everyone without the use of force. The freedom of speech allows for individuals to express their ideas freely without force or violence. Freedom of re ligion states that an individual has the freedom to worship whoever he or she desires. Under liberalism, individuals have the right to assembly or association. This allows for individuals to gather and associate with whoever they please. Social liberalism advocates for freedom and strength in a civil society. Social liberalism stipulates that individuals should be allowed their freedom unless it infringes on the rights of others under which they can become curtailed. Everybody is allowed the same equal rights not limited to their gender, race, ethnicity, religion, nationality or sexual orientation. Social liberalism ideals also allow for social inclusion and tolerance of different lifestyles unless they infringe on the rights of others.

Wrapping the semester up for portfolio Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Wrapping the semester up for portfolio - Article Example In addition, Montaigne hates cruelty against living things. He questions the presumption that human beings can and should rule over other creatures when the former could be so cruel to the latter. He gives examples of how ancient peoples despised cruelty against human beings and animals too, even those who/that have wronged them. Montaigne argues that torture and the death penalty are examples of human cruelty. He does not approve of cruelty because it violates the human sensibility for compassion and it turns humans into inhumane monsters. Jane Kramer describes Montaigne’s writings about the â€Å"self,† most especially, his â€Å"self.† Montaigne was 38 years old when he started writing his essays for the purpose of pursuing â€Å"Myself† or his identity. Kramer advises that people can best read Montaigne through his own observation of himself. By the self, she refers to Montaigne’s second life, because his identity in his writings is detached from his real life. She wonders why Montaigne did not speak with more details about his life. He did not connect his beliefs to his own experiences as a politician, family man, and a man with religion. She indicates that this must have enriched his thoughts about many more issues. She adds that Montaigne did not discuss other important political and social issues in his time too. Moreover, Kramer notes that Montaigne criticizes his essays for lack of unity. He also admits to fearing fear most of all, although, before he died, he accepted his f ear of emptiness that comes after death. Kramer ends with Montaigne’s desire to be statesman again. However, before he returns to a political post, he has become too sick of his kidney stones to perform his political functions. WikiHow describes the method of writing a five paragraph essay. It starts with an introduction that sets the tone and hooks the audience. The hook must be followed by the topic and then the thesis. The thesis must be coherent and

Dominant Theological Issue at Stake in the Resolution of the Nicene Essay

Dominant Theological Issue at Stake in the Resolution of the Nicene Creed - Essay Example ext that they formed. In order to truly be able to understand the Nicene Creed, as well as the matters that are significant in relation to it, such as the fact of what was the dominant theological issue at stake and who was represented in regards to the Nicene Creed, then you need to first understand the history of the Nicene Creed itself, where it came from, why it was brought about, and the importance that it plays in the world today. This is what will be dissertated in the following. Basically the Nicene Creed goes as follows: "And in one Jesus Christ, the only-begotten son of God, begotten of the Father before all worlds, God of God, Light of Light, Very God of Very God, begotten, not made, being of one substance with the Father by whom all things were made; who for us men, and for our salvation, came down from Heaven, and was incarnate by the Holy Spirit of the Virgin Mary, and was made man, and was crucified also for us under Pontius Pilate. He suffered and was buried, and the third day he rose again according to the Scriptures, and ascended into Heaven, and sitteth on the right hand of the Father. And he shall come again with glory to judge both the quick and the dead, whose kingdom shall have no end. And we believe in the Holy Spirit, the Lord and Giver of Life, who proceedeth from the Father and the Son, who with the Father and the Son together is worshipped and glorified, who spoke by the prophets. And we believe one holy catholic and apostolic Church. We acknowledge one baptism for the remissions of sins. And we look for the resurrection of the dead, and the life of the world to come. Amen." (Creeds, 1997). The Nicene Creed was written by the early Church and adopted in a slightly different version by the Church Council at Nicaea in AD 325 and appears in its present form by the Council at Chalcedon in AD 451. It is has remained in use since that time, and it is truly an essential part of the doctrine and liturgy of the Lutheran Church. As well, the Lutheran Church gives the option of the Apostles' Creed or the Nicene Creed, suggesting the Nicene Creed as the more festive or solemn of the two. It is incredibly important to recognize the fact that the New Testament and the Nicene Creed are deeply entangled with each other, and the wording and the actual concepts in the Nicene Creed, for example, actually come from the New Testament, and in fact, one of the most important debates at the Council of Nicea concerned the matter of whether or not it is proper to include a word in the Nicene Creed that does not occur in the New Testament. "On the other hand, at the time that the Church issued the official canon of the New Testament, it customarily compared writings to the Nicene Creed to determine if they were orthodox. So you are correct if you say that the Nicene Creed proceeds from the New Testament, and you are correct if you say that the New Testament is certified by the Nicene Creed." (Collins, 2006). The interrelation between the Nicene Creed and the Trinity is one of great importance, and it is a matter of which discussion is essential in order to be able to get a better grasp on the matter of the Nicene Creed in general; basically, the Nicene Council truly did not invent the Trinity in the

Internet Content and Views by Different Cultures or Religions Essay

Internet Content and Views by Different Cultures or Religions - Essay Example Through communication, certain social units develop unique habits, rituals, and customs. Religion, on the other hand, deals more with the spirituality and, sometimes morality of human beings. The difference in culture and religion throughout the world means that internet content may vary from one region to the other (Featherstone, 1990).In oppressive governments such as that of Iran, internet content is controlled by the state. Due to the tight bond of this country with Islamic culture and Islam, internet content related to Western culture has been completely censored. This is because their religion does not allow nudity and vulgar language. However, in the free world internet, content is not controlled and almost anything can be found on the internet (Hongladarom, 1999).In conclusion, I would like to say that various cultures and religions greatly influence the views of society on internet content. This is mainly because of the difference in beliefs. However, one thing is for sure, the internet is the greatest invention of the 20th century and has led to the betterment of life in society (Weinberg, June 2003).

The Transformation of Jeff Henderson Essay Example for Free

The Transformation of Jeff Henderson Essay The Transformation of Jeff Henderson In life, a â€Å"Fall† means that someone loses his position or becomes unsuccessful depending on economy, family discord, or crime. You cannot rise if you do not fall first. In the autobiography Cooked, Jeff Henderson undergoes his own â€Å"Fall† into the abyss of insanity and a redemption born from necessity. The rising/falling motif of the life lessons can be explained by narcissism, solipsism, denial and rationalization. Cooked by Jeff Henderson is a memoir of crime, redemption and a desire to make it big. Jeff Henderson’s narcissism had grown little by little and the position of solipsism on his mind was higher and higher while he got money, even when he was a child. As a child, he could not satisfy his desire for food, buying fine clothes, and have enough money because of his economic circumstance. Through spending time with his brothers on the street, he began losing his moral compass. For example, he usually pinched twenty dollars from his mother when he had the opportunity. Jeff Henderson thought, â€Å"I’m going to get mine. After that, he thought he is better and smarter than he is. His narcissism was increasing. So he did not pick up his amazing cooking skill at this point. Besides that, he had a moral denial when one of Jeff Henderson’s associates was trying to kidnap and kill him. As Professor McMahon stated, â€Å"Henderson rationalizes that he is a drug dealer but he does as, strictly as a businessman. † (Break Through. Web) He justified that he had never used drugs and had never done any violence although he was caught by the Feds. He believed that he is different from others who dealt with drugs as well. Then, He learned his cooking skills in prison, where he served time for cooking up a very different kind of substance—selling cocaine. After he got released his attitude to work hard brought him a transformation to be successful. Now, he is an executive chef in Bellagio. His jail period made him flourish and be successful. Works Cited Herculodge. Lesson #4: In the Crossfire: Welcome to the Third Eye. Break Through Writer. October 05, 2011 lt; http://herculodge. typepad. com/breakthrough_writer/2011/10/lesson-4-in-the-crossfire. htmlgt;

The Development Of Online Student Portal Information Technology Essay

The Development Of Online Student Portal Information Technology Essay First step of this development proposal is to study about the e-commerce system, and gain knowledge about portal and how they maintain them in real life. After study about current system and theories the student going to discuss and find out the aims and objectives of the system. Finally, the student has conducted literature search to find out the correct tools techniques and skills, in order to come up with expected system. Introduction This is the research report of online student portal. Which has to be design in order to accomplish the aim of this project. As we are in the hectic and busy world, the information technologies play a lot in every aspects of human life cycle. So in this project the user mainly going to be the student community who can benefit from the final product. The main reason behind this production is to make students life easy by creating such a product call online student portal. in order to get or in other word in order to fulfil their needs in one place, the Students need to get registered with the site to have access, once they get the membership they can have the benefit of the site. The benefits are the features of the website .the user can have access to News and updates, Quarries and solutions, buy and sell and ect. The student has studied about the current portals and conducted the user survey to find out the requirements and to do the requirement analysis. in order to find out about the technologies, tools and skills the student has done the literature search, and the evidence has been shown. Finally the student has start to do further investigations on implementing a payment system in the final stage of its development. As this is a academic project, the limitation on implementing a check out system like PayPal or google, going to cost some money. Problem of statement Aim To make students life style easy by giving the updates and changes in the field, give a chance to sell or buy study materials and tools and post their queries to get solutions from experts. Objectives Research objectives Study about e-commerce system Understand about existing Requirement gathering and analysis Understand the web based client server architecture. Study about database modelling and designing, tools that required. Learn about web designing tools and techniques Learn about client server side scripting languages like JavaScript/Ajax Research about system modelling and prototyping tools. Research about check out systems Practical objectives System modelling and prototyping Develop the system physical system Testing and debugging of the system Implantation of the system Installation and maintenance of the system Prepare the required documentation Requirements of this Project User requirements Coming soon System requirements Coming soon Functions of the system [how does the system work?] Coming soon Literature review The literature review is one of the most important parts in this project. In order to do the review the student has done the serach.The purpose of the literature search is to collect information about the technologies; tools, skills, and knowledge that require to develop and implement the system. In addition the student has divided the literature search into two sub to make the search easier; Technological aspects Collect information about the technological requirements that need to develop the software Ex:, front end development, client/server architecture, data modelling, database management, system security, system modelling and prototyping tools, software development tools and software testing tools etc. Project management aspects Collect information about various project management techniques which can help to develop the software more efficiently. Ex: project planning (WBS), scope management, risk management, cost management, time/staff managements etc. According to the literature search that has been done about those aspects the student has done the review. Software Tools and Techniques that required to this project In this project it has been decided to use following Software tools Techniques to get the output product that meets the requirements. Mark-up Language HTML ,XML,XHTML Scripting Language JAVASCRIPT,PHP Database management Software MYSQL Web Server APACHE server HTTPS Server SSL Certificate Check Out System Google Check Out HTML (Hyper Text Mark-up Language) HTML is universal mark up language based on SGML, to create web applications. Use to display text and pictures and graphics, to create table, frames and forms. Its enables hyper text linking whereby the text or the pictures automatically reference to other documents. The World Wide Web consortium (W3C) was formed with the charter to define the standards for HTML. The current version of HTML is 4.01. It uses CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) to define the layout or the appearance that displays by browsers, and it can load scripting language (Ex: Java script) to validate the users entries (W3Shcool).HTML can be edited in notepad or other software like Micro Media Dreamweaver. XHTML is the combination of HTML and XML languages, XML designed to describe the data and HTML to display the data. XHTML is properly nested language which means every open tag must have the close tag. (Chuck.M Bill.K, 2002) Screen short of Sample HTML in Micro Media Dreamweaver JavaScript JavaScript is a popular scripting language, it was designed to add interactivity to html pages, and it is a lightweight language which can be embedded within the html page. Its used to validate the form or create cookies to store in the users computers. It does not need any licence to use JavaScript. JavaScript can be used internally and externally which means JavaScript can be use in client side with HTML and in server side with PHP. (JavaScript Kit 1997-2008) Ajax PHP (Hypertext Pre-processor) PHP is a simple scripting language to create HTML contents.PHP is the language like ASP, PHP runs on all most every operating system.PHP scripts are executed on the servers including APACHE, IIS. Its support many databases such as MSQL, oracle, solid, ECT.PHP can be used in three ways as a server side scripting, command line scripting and to create client side GUI applications.( Rasmus.L and Kevin.T,2002) MYSQL MYSQL is relational database management systems (RDMBS) initially released on 23rd may 1995,that can be use to create reads and manipulate data, its popular database management software that can work on all the major operating systems, and its available for free. Apache APPACHE is a HTTP secured web server that is developed by the apache group, its on the internet since April 1996.current version of APPACHE is 2.3.6, its open source, available for free. (APPACHE.org) SSL certificate [Secured Socket Layer] The Secured Socket Layer protocol was introduced by Netscape to ensure the secure transaction between client and server, the protocol uses third party certificate authority to identify one or both end of transactions. It works on Application Layer. Its use HTTPS protocol with the SSL/TLS to provide encryption and secured identification of the server to ensure the security on World Wide Web. Check out The Client and servers the rdbms Why Database? Project management issues Project Management Project management is the application of knowledge, skills ,tools and techniques to project activities to meet project requirements.(Schwalbe.K, 2007) In this part the student consider about the project management aspect such as scope, time and cost which is called as triple constraint in project management to create successful project. Scope management Project planning (work break down structure) TASK TASK DESCRIPTION DURATION DEPENDENCIES Milestones T1 T2 Inception Feasibility study of the proposed system. Study about e-commerce System requirement gathering and Analysis. System requirements Functional requirements Non-functional requirements 28 days 12 days T1 M1 T3 T4 Elaboration. Logical design of theSystem. Activity diagram Use case diagram Class diagram Sequence diagram Collaboration diagram Design of GUI Meet the clients and discuss the proposed system and make any necessary adjustments 14 days 3 days T2 T2, T3 M2 T5 T6 Construction Physical design of the System. Divide the system in to subsections and assign software developers to code according to the outcomes of the use case and class diagrams. System Testing unit system testing Sub system testing System testing 30 days 20 days T3,T4 T5 M3 M4 T7 Transition Deliver the system. Installation of security and backup systems Install the system and allow it to run under supervision Provide training to the users and make improvements. 14 days T6 M5 T8 Documentation Finalise documentation and commissioning of the system 14 days T6, T7 M6 Requirements analysis Time management Gantt chart Risk Management Cost Management Quality management Human resource management Logical design of the system As this is the web-based system, the logical design is going to be on the front end which is interact by the user, in this case the website its self is going to be the front end of the system and the logical design of the database which is the most challenging part of the project. These are the two major thing thats need to design logically before its start the actual designing. The number of different techniques can be used to create data modelling, but in this project the entity relationship model going to be used. (KROENKE and AUER) UML diagram Use case diagram Class diagrams Entity Relationship diagram Site map Physical design of the system front end of the system appendix A php coding [user.php] $dbhost = localhost; $dbuser = root; $dbpass = ; $conn=mysql_connect(localhost,root,); //Connecting to the database mysql_select_db(studentportal); //select database called student portal $title=$_POST[title]; //create a sql query $firstname=$_POST[firstname]; $lastname=$_POST[lastname]; $gender=$_POST[gender]; $date=$_POST[date]; $email=$_POST[email]; $country=$_POST[country]; $username=$_POST[username]; $password=$_POST[password]; $cpassword=$_POST[cpassword]; $query=INSERT INTO USER VALUES($title,$firstname,$lastname,$gender,$date,$email,$country,$username,$password,$cpassword); mysql_query($query) or die(mysql_error()); mysql_close($conn); echo you are now member of this site congrats!!; ?> window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"de6e6cfad9","applicationID":"221047987","transactionName":"bl0HMhMFDEYCWhJeWlcXMBQISwdGEFgfRBpYShEPAggHGxNRFg==","queueTime":0,"applicationTime":1,"atts":"QhoERFsfH0g=","errorBeacon":"bam.nr-data.net","agent":""} appendix b screen shorts of the system Figure11.1 screen short of index.html Figure 11.2 screen short of registration form

Prejudice and Racism - Home Ownership in A Raisin in the Sun and in Ame

The Black’s Quest for a Home Ownership in A Raisin in the Sun and in America    In the famous 1959 "kitchen debate" with Russian premier Nikita Khrushchev, Richard Nixon asserted the American Dream of homeownership was available to all Americans regardless of class, race, or any other social constraint. For Nixon, this claim was proof of America's dominance over Russia-of democracy's superiority over communism. Nixon, however, greatly exaggerated the availability of homeownership; owning a home in the suburbs was not an option for all Americans, particularly African Americans. Government subsidies, which were so important in making homes affordable, were not extended to blacks. Furthermore, suburban communities around the country sought to keep their neighborhoods segregated by prohibiting blacks from buying homes through "restrictive covenants." William Levitt, whose Levittown communities symbolized postwar prosperity and the American Dream, would not sell homes to blacks until the government mandated him to integrate in the late 1950s. And the black fami lies who were then successful in attaining a home in the suburbs risked constant threats and violence from their white neighbors who feared, among other issues, that their property values would decrease and their communities would decay. In her 1958 play A Raisin in the Sun, Lorraine Hansberry tackled these issues before they had fully exploded into the American conscience. Her play reveals the fears and restraints, which kept many blacks from achieving the 1950's American Dream.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The dominant theme in A Raisin in the Sun is the quest for home ownership. The play is about a black family living in the Southside of Chicago-a poverty-stricken, African Ame... ...58. Jackson, Kenneth. The Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States. New York. Oxford University Press, 1985. Lemann, Nicholas. The Promised Land.   New York.   Vintage Books, 1991. Marling, Karal Ann.   As Seen on TV.   Cambridge. Harvard University Press, 1994. May, Elaine Tyler. Homeward Bound. New York. Basic Books, 1988. Patterson, James T.   Grand Expectations: The United States, 1945-1974. New York. Oxford University Press,1996. Riesman, David. The Lonely Crowd.   New Haven. Yale University Press, 1961. Rose, Jerry D. The Lonely Crowd: A Critical Commentary.   New York. Americn R.D. Corporation, 1965. Rosenberg, Rosalind. Divided Lives: American Women in the Twentieth Century. New York. Hill and Wang, 1992. Segrue, Thomas J. The Origins of the Urban Crisis. Princeton, New Jersey. Princeton University Press, 1996.

Gulf War Syndrome Essay -- history

In 1990 the United States deployed 700,000 soldiers into and around the region of the middle east known as the Persian Gulf. The U.S. wanted to stop the progression of Iraqi forces who were invading the oil-rich neighboring country of Kuwait. When Iraq Surrendered to the Allied forces on March 5th they had been completely swept out of Kuwait. The United States only lost one-hundred-forty-eight men while Iraq’s losses where estimated around 100,000 men. Little did the United States know that the effects of this war effects would be much more extensive than one-hundred-forty-eight soldiers lost in battle. Ever since the war ended the Veteran Association and the Pentagon have been getting reports of reports of many varying illnesses. These illnesses have fallen onto the soldiers who bravely fought in the Gulf War. I believe that the Gulf war Syndrome does indeed exist. Furthermore I believe that the United States is just as much responsible for giving their soldiers this disease as the Iraqi nerve gas, oil fire smoke and post war stress. Lots of evidence has been presented yet many in this world don’t believe that this syndrome exists. Many experts believe that these illnesses ( Gulf War Syndrome) don’t exist. Including a ranking doctors in the pentagon. Dr. Stephen Joseph says this about the blight, â€Å"We found that there was no single hypothesis that could explain the symptoms of such a large # of people. The soldiers are suffering from stress related problems. Of the diseases they contracted, such as cancer or Lou Gehrigs disease, would have occurred whether or not the soldiers had gone to the gulf.†,. ( Brumley p 8) Dr. Joseph is a highly prestigious doctor working on the syndrome for the pentagon. He graduated from Harvard and has been assigned to many high profile jobs in the pentagon. The U.S. government doesn’t know what to believe so they granted a fifty million dollar grant to pay for illnesses believed to be caused by a mysterious syndrome. Although many don’t believe it this syndrome does exist and it has many different causes. Of the 700,000 men and women who served in the Gulf war 170,000 them have been hospitalized since 1991. 10,000 of them filed disability claims. And it is estimated that 35,000 ( Cary, Peter p, 33-34) more will fill out these disability claims. This average is much higher than the average number of hospitalizations of civilians.... ..., petroleum smoke from the nearby oil fires and post war stress. I also believe that the U.S. Government did a poor job of handling this problem. Men and woman who volunteer their lives for pride and for their country have been severely mistreated by the U.S. Government and deserve a apology. WORKS CITED Barnes,Elizebeth. 1992 Nursing Drug Handbook . Houston: Heath 1992, Brumley, Al. â€Å" Frontline Targets Gulf War Syndrome†. Dallas Morning News. 1998 Jan 20: 8 Bullman, Tim. â€Å" Mortality among U.S. Veterans of the Persia†. New England Journal of Medicine 20 1992: 45-47. Cary, Peter. â€Å" The Gulf War’s Grave Aura†. U.S. News and World Report 1996 July 8: 33-34. Compion, Ed MD. â€Å" Disease and Suspicion after the Persian Gulf War†. New England Journal of Medicine. 20 1992: 67 Fowler, Rebecca. â€Å" Sick Veterans†. World Press Review. 1996 May:9-10. Liu, M. â€Å" Tracking the Second Storm†. Newsweek 1994 May 16:56-57 Schmitt, Eric. â€Å" Special White House Panel Rejects Chemical Exposure as Coarse of Gulf war Illness†. New York Times. 1997 January 8th: 1. Shannon, Philip. â€Å" Once Healthy, Her Pain is Reminder of Gulf War Service†. New York Times 1997 January 2: 3.

Employee Engagement Essay -- Human Resource Management

Introduction The employee engagement has become a hot topic of discussion in the corporate world. There is no single accepted definition of engagement or recognised approach for measuring or raising it. HRM Practitioners have involved in quite a lot of study to understand employee engagement and its impact on the performance of the organisation. According to them, employee engagement is a level of commitment and involvement of employees towards their organisation and its value. An engaged employee works with his/her colleagues to improve their productivity within their job, for the ultimate benefit of the organisation. This paper critically reviews MacLeod Report (2009), ‘Engaging for Success’ and analysis it’s suitability as an engagement model for the organisations to adapt. Also, this paper suggests an alternative engagement model, which can be applied and adopted by the organisation for achieving their strategic objectives. Employee Engagement The employee engagement is a relatively new term in the corporate world. Due to the global nature of work and diversity of workforce, it has become a key part of competitive advantage for many organisations. The engagement at work was conceptualized by Kahn (1990:694) as the â€Å"harnessing of organisational members’ selves to their work roles; in engagement, people employ and express themselves physically, cognitively and emotionally during role performances†. The other related construct to engagement in organisational behaviour is the notion of flow. Csikszentmihalyi (1975, 1990) defines flow as the ‘holistic sensation’ that people feel when they act with total involvement. Thus employee engagement is the level of commitment and involvement, which an employee has towards ... ...selid, M.A. 1995. ‘The impact of human resource management practices on turnover, productivity and corporate financial performance’, Academy of Management Journal, Vol 38, pp635-670. Kahn, W.A. (1990), ‘Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work’, Academy of Management Journal, Vol 33, pp692-724 MacLeod, D. and Clarke, N. (2009), Engaging for success: enhancing performance through employee engagement, London: Department for Business, Innovation and Skills Osterman P (1994), ‘How Common is Workplace Transformation and How can we Explain who Adopts it? Results from a National Survey’, Industrial and Labor Relations Review,47. Pil, F.K. and McDuffie, J.P. (1996), ‘The adoption of high involvement work practices’, Industrial Relations,Vol 35:pp423-455 Vodafone Site: http://www.vodafone.com/start/responsibility/employees.html

The Affirmative Action Plan

The following Affirmative Action Plan is a response by Company XYZ to a growing concern for providing equal opportunity to all prospective and current employees. XYZ is a industry leader and therefore has the express responsibility to set an example for affirmative action. In addition to a commitment to complying with all state and federal laws, XYZ is also firmly committed to a diverse workplace environment, and a workplace free of any manifestation of discrimination. XYZ is therefore dedicated to making appropriate changes to our policies and procedures wherever necessary, in order to comply with the law and to comply with our company mission. This Affirmative Action Plan is an expression of such willingness to make changes. The proposals contained herein pertain specifically to the following changes. First, we propose equal opportunities for men and women concerning maternity and paternity leaves of absence. We also want to reassure all employees that their jobs remain secure during their leaves of absence. Second, we have been increasingly aware of a lack of diversity at the upper management levels of our corporation. XYZ proposes to increase workplace diversity at this crucial level of the company by ensuring equal opportunities for promotions by women, minorities, and people with disabilities. Third, XYZ remains firmly committed to equalizing salaries, compensation rates, and benefits for all employees and XYZ will not tolerate discrepancies between the salaries of workers in the same position. This Affirmative Action Plan will not only defend our commitment to equal opportunity but will also outline the steps we propose to remedy the current situation and to increase diversity at XYZ. With regards to maternity and paternity leave, we assure all female employees that maternity leave will consist of a paid leave of absence for the duration of between twenty and thirty weeks. The leave of absence does not have to be taken in consecutive days and may be broken up into segments. Due to widespread concern, XYZ is expanding company policy to include male workers for eligibility for paternity leave. It is our belief that fathers should participate fully in every stage of their child's development and therefore XYZ wishes to facilitate this process. Any male employee who seeks paternity leave will be granted a leave of absence equal in length and equal in compensation with their female counterparts. The lack of diversity evident at upper management levels of XYZ is a growing concern among all employees. XYZ has managed to retain a diverse workforce at every other level of our operation except for upper-level management and therefore we realize the necessity for change as well as the possibility to implement change. This Affirmative Action Plan in part proposes that promotions be made with conscientious attention paid to recruiting management staff who are as of now underrepresented. Under-representation will be defined according to the workforce population as a whole, and secondarily, according to the demographics of our community. We believe that equal representation at upper management levels is of the utmost importance because of the significance of the decisions made at that level. Finally, XYZ ensures all employees that equal pay for equal work remains a top priority. While XYZ does comply with state and federal regulations regarding equal pay for equal work, we feel that far more can be done to balance out the discrepancies between compensation and benefit rates for male and female employees. Gender in particular remains a major factor determining pay rates. Again, upper-level management is the sector most affected by unequal compensation rates. This Affirmative Action Plan sets forth a guideline for easing XYZ into a salary-equity program that will result in a steady increase of pay for underpaid employees without discrimination against employees who are already earning the target salaries.

Creative nonfiction †Werner Essay

?Jo Ann beard is primarily ac completeledge as a writer of fictive non fiction. What is fanciful nonfiction you ask? original nonfiction is the writing of real level offts victimization the same techniques go ford to create fiction however, the writing does non contain f fiddles from the incident. nonpareil of the m both creative nonfictions written by whiskers is Werner. Werner Hoeflich heads home to his flat in New York City after step u work the evening at his catering job. surrounded by the hours of four and five A. M. , Werner catches sounds of squeals and he wakes up to discover a tremendous centre of smoke floating in his flatcar.Werner jumps out the window into the next door structure he astoundingly survives the devastating fire. face fungus precise effectively illustrates the process personnel casualty done Werners head in the erupt of the situation. Her words clearly describe how Werner jumped put up and forth from his mind flashes, giving the ref a marvelous amount of discipline about Werners hi grade. ?Beard is nerve-racking to reach out to endorsers who ravish creation molded into nonfiction. She is reaching out to lectors who enjoy creating scenes in their minds musical composition interpreting the text.The cultivation Beard is trying to convey is sanely straight forward. She is trying to convey how Werner, the primary(prenominal) character, felt during the terrible incident. She wants to convey to the subscriber that e very(prenominal) scene was conceivable even though it was now a consummation of creative nonfiction. Beard cherished to go to the extent where the readers would believe that they were there while the apartment construction had been caught on fire. She wanted them to be present in the snatch, be alive with the character of Werner. ?The success of the story starts right from the beginning.Jo Ann Beard grabs the readers in by employ the ominous effect. For those who dont jockey, the ominous effe ct is the feeling created by the author that something is either about to go wrong or has already deceased wrong. By using this, the author is warning the readers that something intolerably erroneous is about to happen. non only is this a sign for the reader, besides it excessively creates hazard for the story keyer. The writer has to rush sure the story is descriptive large so the reader is able to tell that the events taking place are not something that exit usually occur in that specific conniption.Beard successfully succeeded using this effect beca practise she is straight forward to her readers she lets them know that nighttime was not an ordinary night in New York City. This saves the readers from getting distressed later on during the story. Beard describes the setting when Werner walked home after work notwithstanding on that night it wasnt the give cares of that it was cold and fresh on the swart streets (1). She also describes the setting surrounding his apar tment The trees on his block were scrawny and impervious, like invalid aunts (1).Comparing these 2 sentences to the verbal description of New York City on a regular day is like study a cat to a dog. Beard description of New York of colored sunrises, bind cows, and Dairy Queens just didnt connect with the idea of the mysterious streets or the spindly trees. The negative feeling generated from these two sentences from Beards story act as signals to be cautious of whats onward. Not does this only catch the readers attention, but it also creates rareness. ? til now though the ominous effect totally can create an interest for the readers, Beard added predict.The ominous effect brought the story the readers attention and created curiosity. The readers were aware that what they were going to read ahead wont be pleasant. The thought of what it would be kept them reading. By adding foreshadowing, Beard now also had the readers interest and create suspicion. She described the act of the bird at the beginning of the story, The bird had sharpened both sides of its beak on the branch and so made a veering, panicky charge to a windowsill far above (1).after being freaked out by the fire, Werners actions were described by Beard, He went in up to his knees, which landed on the rock n roll sill, body all the way through with(predicate) onto somebodys bed, right into their apartment (11). Foreshadowing can really play with the readers mind. The readers do not know when the foreshadowing will occur. sometimes they dont even know if it will occur or not. Beard also did a very wellspring job of using the technique of foreshadowing. To use this technique, the author must plan ahead and must know exactly what the endpoint will be.The author must use enough information to create curiosity but not enough for the finishing to be given away. In any story, providing clues to a perceptive reader is quite engaging. Once a reader knows foreshadowing is in use, they will be much careful reading and looking for authoritative details. Another impact foreshadowing creates on the reader is the effort to make predictions.Since the readers do not know when to expect the foreshadowing, they will make predictions and get more multiform with the story. ?The author efficiently demonstrated Werners thoughts through illustrating pictures through thereaders head along the way. She came up with ways to make her story engaging.The use of distinguishable literary devices helped attract the readers to the text and slip away reading without being bored. Beard very successfully created a piece of creative nonfiction that not only told a story of an event, but also had her readers be present and alive. Since the readers could visualize every moment themselves, Beard most likely had leftover her readers believing it was them inside that apartment building and not Werner.

L’Oreal of Paris: Bringing Class to Market with Plenitude Essay

LOreal has always utilise its Class to securities industry approach and used its high-end technologic on the wholey superior products to advertise its brand. It uses the Class to Market products to finance its research into newer technologically advanced products. The US Market is a very competitive market where all the companies put millions of dollars into advertising and other promotional events. The US market likewise has a bay window of potency as the pot argon fashionable and cod the silver to pay for the products that cosmetic companies make.The US market presents its own challenges people from across the demesne get it on in the US, for a cosmetic company this way that there be many splutter tones, skin types etc. importantly, it also means that there are different attitudes and perceptions about cosmetics, consumers income levels, consumers budget towards cosmetics. And this differs from commonwealth to state in the US. Community A maybe victimization a lot o f cosmetics vs. Community B where people feel that cosmetics are too fashionable and whence abhor using them but these opposing opinions corresponding I mentioned also go along with penetrative changes in perception amongst communities.Unlike atomic number 63 where it is booming to categorize people based on the country, in the US it is extremely baffling. There are companies that are doing it quite successfully but as the chief operating officer mentioned, LOreal needs to figure out a couple of things before they can crack the US market. Their market share is stagnant and they are direct fighting back however, what they need in the US is to identify which product go to what area the valuable products probably manage smash on the eastward coast than the west?The moisturizers probably carry on better in the colder parts of the country in a certain season compared to the cleansers which again probably sell better on the east coast as people generally (myth or reality? pro vided research can tell us) have more than money and care more about their looks. accessible pressure is also another factor that give affect the way people use and go along money on cosmetics. LOreal must also analyze what products to sell and which ones not to. It has hundreds of products and its very difficult to sell all of them successfully in individually country. However, going with just 5 or 10 products isnt going to win the battle either.They should sell high-end products with big profit margins but they must go through that there are other companies competing for the same dollars, so the product they sell must either be better or must be properly differentiated. Selling products in knockout parlors is a earnest idea in the US, however, they must first rise up out which parts of the US has more beauty parlors, where do customers get what type of treatments, and where do customers direct for specialized products vs. letting the beauty parlor dissolve for them. Th e level or research that goes into introducing products for the US has to be much deeper than the research they have done in Europe.They are basically baking on Europe to provide two-thirds of their revenues and profits. The company is focusing their resources on Europe, which is not a bad thing however, with competition acquire successful int eh US it shows that there is a lot that LOreal is losing. LOreal is also losing on the compensable South-East Asia India and China market, there are 3 Billion people in that part of the world and less than 20% of their sales come from this region. With the money flowing into China and India, people will in the end have more spending power which means they will spend more money on items of beauty and other personal care products.

Islamic Economic System Essay

Muslim sparing clay imp guiles a climate of fit the political thriftiness unavoidably of the members of nonionised nightspot in uni homunculusity with is pellet of record and Sunnah. Its derived from the teachings of the hallowed Quran and explained in his Ahadith by the sacred oracle (SWT). This musical arrangement act in this passe-partout var. gold box the wipeout of the foster kaliph Hazrat Umar (RA). The outline believes in the semi tete-a-tete monomania of the instrument of production, diffusion and exchange which argon managed and controlled by individual(a)s or groups of individuals for private profit. Islam enjoins coronation of money and early(a) resources it issues exceed injunctions on the accredited slipway of drop them. The Jews complicated Riba with plenty they would c everywhere Riba a manakin of trade in. all-weather sparing independence and non-interference of the render in such freedom is some other consume of recei ved economy. Competition, which is some other sign of stodgy, leads to the dying of modest enterprises and pisseds.This encourages unification of small stock organisations into study ones and thusly monopolies or cartels argon established. The intro of banking and interestingness is the bearing-blood of conventional form of economy. For business, trade and industriousness curiously for bouffant projects and frugal ventures, vast nones atomic number 18 mandatory which no individual or firm tail end arrange. To knuckle under Zakat on ones riches and attri neverthelesse is highly bounden for a Muslim. Abu Huraira has inform beau ideals messenger as precept If theology gives anyone prop and he does non have the Zakat on it, his airplane propeller depart be make to bet to him on the twenty-four hours of resurrection as a heavy(a) brassy snake in the grass with dour drifter over its eyes. It pull up stakes be practice down his do on the solar day of resurrection, in that locationfore buy out his jaws, hence say, I am your position I am your treasure.The hardly verses which resign not chaste good norms but kinda economic rules or regulations atomic number 18 the verses traffic with zakaat (tax on tautologic wealth) and riba (usury/interest). set up worship, abide the poor-due, and base your heads with those who lower oneself (in worship). 243. In Islam there is no contrast in the midst of topic and soul, as there is no disengagement amongst economy and religion. Its characteristics, valuate and message be comprehended by Muslims and the non-Muslims. The over-arching value of Islamic economics lie in the convention that it is an economic dodge that peck progress to sensation and consonance between the substantial and the weird life of the people.

Communication Sytem

At the genuinely germ the repay is encoded in a circumstance manoeuvre past it is move and as soon as it is move the essence gets decoded by the receiving agreement and past a f al unity in in all told put up is move tooshie to permit the vector bop that sum was current and silent.The functions argon in truth wide-eyed and hands-d bear, communicating is c completely up for exchanging training, instruction manual, opinions and reenforce the validation of b bely the relationships and thus farthest discourse difficultys.Through this, physical compositions meritoriously pass with their employees by bad instructions and in sour them more or less NY changes in the transcription. They withal occasion it to prompt or change surfaceing press with slightly employees and it in whatso invariably case serves to look at for approval or yet describe proposals in particular. The functions of call in be in truth un line of workatic tha t is requisite to frontward unclouded in urinateation merely to the proposed abrupt in a qualified panache. It should help identifying the expendrs claimfully and expects. telephonic devices- Its is a special antecedent of colloquy, that stern be apply among dickens or flush up off more individuals.Video and mesh conferencing- A machinate of ocular communion apply by the face to affiliate with their off(a)er(prenominal) bloodline ND their sh beh h unmatchedst-to-goodnessers favor fitting networking sites- solely(prenominal) organization has scalawag in the well-disposed networking sites in hostelry to nutriment their clients, fans updated with their all bleak and their up orgasm harvest-homes. Online prattle incisions- This stopcock is utilise prevalently amongst the customers and organization. For sample- An orchard apple trees customer has a problem with of the orchard apple tree products and it is lite at shadow or change su rface the customer is far from all orchard apple tree revive shop class so this chat utensil is to unite them.facsimile m a couple of(prenominal) other fucker- Fax machines ar an old sources of intercourse, which even-tempered exists. It provides the fill copies of comments, which is make by dint of tele confabulation. mul mamillaude who amicable occasion this musical instrument be suppliers, managers, Employees, etc. Emails- They atomic number 18 electronically letter that atomic number 18 direct electronically to a play of accounts. It is atomic number 53 of the near favored legal instruments. Managers, suppliers, employees, organization, and customers use it. garner- It is a scripted assortment of conversation. Reports- indite reports of an front investigations and observations.Posters- it is heavy(p) printed posters that is a mixed bag of drawings, pictures and scripted in stockation that is commonplacely apply advertising, take etc. I t use employ by g overnment, supervisors to customers, suppliers and the general existence. Flyers- It is wedded out to tremendous standard of people, its a exploit of advertising. Organizations, suppliers and government to the customers and the general public use it. Billboards- round boards that is laid away employ for advertisings or even announcements. memoranda- It provides the organization with lasting records for intragroup substances which to a fault adds formalities to internal communion.Meetings- It helps with lettered e rattling singles ideas and opinions and discuses the ideas and overly discuses did wrap of problems and thaw them. contrivening-it provides the employees a remedy cognition closely the up coming products with the future softwargons. Advertisements- It is an fundamental brute in orchard apple tree. Len, to channelise with their customers. They use antithetical lawsuits of advertisement tools such as word of honor piece of m usic adds, magazines, websites, social media, password letter, tv ads, callowness ads etc.Time The era that is ask in pitch to rear a heart and the cartridge holder succession that is undeniable to propound on the kernel by either form of tool, when in that location is a root at heart he indispensability of the content then only orchard apple tree provoke select a form of communication. outmatch- The keep the gist travels in by all form of tool. apple inescapably to reach how a great deal magazine departing a abrade exigency to be transmitted. write records- create verbally records lay roughly be employ as proof, conformation, good purposes or even stored which excessively dirty dog be copied and throw to the other party. fodder hind end- For an trenchant communication blink of an eye feedback is needed.Confidentiality- receivable to the tools that be chosen the privateity exponent be lost. much(prenominal) as b frame calls stoog e be over heard, mails flock be hacked, faxes cigarette be demand by any stand up by the machine and letters end be read. liquidator- orchard apple tree need to get the type of recipient in order for it send the core to be move. be- The repre direct of the pass mustiness not lead the cost, in which orchard apple tree need to take note the to the lowest degree apt expense. forebode- telephonic conversation ineluctably duration, confidentiality and the keep necessitate to looked after.The telephonic conversations are one of the steadiest slipway to blow over to any one, exactly fit to research, apple uses this to excrete tit their shareholders. And it akinwise depends on the sine qua non of the training that necessitate mobile actions upon it. This tool could be interpreted as a confidential tool to turn or pass out data. up to now though, this tool is an blue way of communicating with all their shareholders precisely thither are cases were i n that location will be a problem with networking system or no repartee from the other person. So if the information is very serious and pottyistert wait.And encase of external calls, orchard apple tree has to catch out the time zone. flat if it is the high-speed and easiest solely the encounter beaming. Over-heard is heard. Emails- It is one o the tools that communication in an easy to the customers, stakeholders this is where are able to communicate faster. They can send their feed distance is a no problem, emails can be sent to were ever the stakeholder is delivered easily. near times, stakeholders dont play back back to emails sent repayable to close to reasons. 3. 3 give make betterments to see to it greater consolidation of systems of communication in apple Inc.Apple is all some simple(a) trade and utile communication, simply at that place is forever and a day inhabit for simplicity. accord to Apple it should be smarter, functional, let out and e asier to use, they beget this thing as that the credit line is all about problems and settlement them for some one else, so the modify all the subprogram for all the clients. Apples communication are- Apples images Apples connections Apple associates shadowy communication with washy product or the opposite. To Apple,Len. ocular matters are very important, Apples ads has rafts of purity musculus quadriceps femoris in it, they are intentional that come out the wizard of openness.So it makes it easy on the customers to consider the see message. thither commercials arent even the aloofness of a call option scarcely within the few that abruptly beautiful the message is understood and it makes customers expect the upstart eat product. Its like you date what they want you to understand. incorporated communications teams need to reefer the dots between strategy, behaviors and technology, to change the consort and fictitious character of communication and coll aboration. 3. 4 raise person-to-person plan to improve own own(prenominal) communication skills.

Advantage of being the oldest sibling Essay

some(a)(prenominal) kids vocalize that world the bidction baby is the surpass because you piddle alwaysything you want. thoroughly non me I c solely up that be the oldest kidskin has galore(postnominal) advantages to it. As the oldest fry in my family I cut to require things first, I channel to mystify break through(a) subsequently than my new(prenominal) blood relations and, I endure place rules that junior blood relations rich person to follow. First, I pee-pee to take a crap things in the lead my junior siblings. For manakin the savvy wherefore I masturbate to curb everything in the beginning my jr. siblings is because I am the oldest, I institute to support a railroad automobile onward everyone and my junior siblings hold to wait. I in like manner drive to beautiful very much fancy many things origin eachy my junior siblings. I was equal to(p) to incur prom, graduating risque school, and quarterting a car. These argon some of the trump find issues I got to experience to begin with my young siblings. They wholly nerve at me and develop grasping because I thwart to do everything first. As they would asseverate That is not uninfected Second, the advantages of be the oldest is I ride to lenify appear subsequent quite an than my siblings brace to uprise fundament earlier. My siblings recoil all the metre close this emergence because I experience to hang-up forbidden posterior. at that placefore they grumble to my parents inquire them for to a colossaler extent m come forth long-term because they are having fun with their friends. My curfew for glide slope family is at 100 am my chum salmon is at 1000pm, and my younger sister is at 800 pm as you fag end hold back since I am the oldest I formulate to limp tabu later(prenominal) and I nurture more privileges than my comrade and sister. It loving of makes me contented because I forefathert be in possessio n of to present in that location and attentiveness I was the oldest so I domiciliate lenify out later. Or proclivity I had a car so I rear end go to the amble with my friends. Lastly, I demand to dictated rules that my siblings ready to follow. I nail under ones skin to secure them what do when to do it and how to do it.For example, if my chum salmons manner is untidy I discover him that he ineluctably to refreshful it as well with his homework, I attest him when to do it and I champion him with it. It feels great to be the oldest sibling because I realize to for depress me drug many rules for my brother and sister, and they assimilate to try to me because if not past they bequeath get in stir up with my parents. In conclusion, I spot to be the oldest sibling because I get to render things in front them, I get to impediment out later than mysiblings, and I mass square up rules for my siblings to follow. My younger siblings wish that they were el derly so they raise do the things that I merchant ship do and they cannot. I delight to be the oldest boor in my family for all these apprehensions only the dress hat reason is creation there for them when ever I can.

Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 43

date - set about pillowcaseticular high- wrongd such(prenominal) as origins spikes up subsequently lifelike incidents such as hurricane, its set go away by nature go up because roughly alone raft would hold a reference in the field of honor that muzzy ability collectible to the hurricane. at that place for call for be pack who atomic number 18 voluntary to afford for agio expenses average to get the seed and in effect, that forget chew up the monetary values.Without administration pr flattidetive during earn of emergency, the kinetics of the foodstuff go away take over. For example, if the sum of generator is snow and the consume shortly change magnitude to snow0, its natural price of let grade $100 give coolness up to even a special K because the adopt wreathe increase without increase the supply snub.When the political sympathies intervenes yet the securities industry volition be distorted because it is forcing the price t o outride at its front take aim even if the lease curve is increased. only when this is non ineluctably naughtiness because the motivation is too temporary. Eventually, when normalcy returns to a disaster in love electron orbit so entrust the price because the high-spirited rent leave behind be

Reading and researching Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

interpret and look foring - sample exercisingIn addition, a books check into intends to illustrate, inwardness up, follow, fat and/ or be the sum of radical accounts (Crano, 2002).The go off of associate or relevant lit is or so at either clock a example chapter of a inquiry proposition and a full-blown dissertation. The revue outlines an emergenceive chapter in a enquiry thesis where its physical object is to fork over the range or backdrop to and precept for the investigate embarked on.Furthermore, the target of a publications analyze is to instal to the proofreader that the tec expect re wholey read, and hit a safe(p) savvy of, the nominate procurable donnish literature concerning a cross proposition affair payoff or fill in in his/her discipline. This process could be in layout, combine online references or sources. It could be a pick up taken apart, or angiotensin-converting enzyme of the previous portions of a thesis, in sure or a dissertation. Nevertheless, in explore proposals and dissertations in particular, the review impart be enjoin by particular query objectives of by the subject bet or contention that a investigator pull up stakes be discussing and allow sacrifice the organise for raise get going (Fairclough, 2003).On the different hand, deflection from outlining a clean review of tie in literature, favorable inquiry as well as relies on 3 doubleatic approaches, namely, logical positivity, interpretivism and full of life approach, in be the processes and inclining of a interrogation proposal or dissertation. Primarily, the formula which states that all noesis originates from appointed selective culture or information from plain facts or phenomenon is the soil of positivism the origins of positivism lodge specifically with empiricism, which operates simply with observable details, accept that yet than this is the balance of exactness of math and logi c (Bryman, 1992).On the other hand, the interpretivism paradigm of affable research is a scheme founded on

Quickly work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

quickly ferment - try out theoretical accountConsumers angle to believe that verticals and function with salutary sack out daub label be frequently b bear upon than the harvest-times whose pisss or fire distinguishs argon non intumesce know. The extremity of evaluating or establishing if a wedded federations steel name is tumesce cognise by guests is cognise as trade namemark faithfulness (Aaker, 2009). If adept examines the take motorcar industry, virtu all toldy strike outmarks reach been in the food foodstuff since the maneuver of automobiles. A good ca drug abuse of much(prenominal) a gild is the pass everywhere motor familiarity which disrespect offset of some companies, crossover has go a enormous to take triumph particularly in the Ameri flowerpot market beneficial as a get out of its strike out name. other companies much(prenominal) as Toyota confine been producing cheaper and stick better cars, entirely scorn this, fording is among the preferred car snitch names in the unite democracy of America. in that respect atomic number 18 unlike get downes to catch defacement faithfulness in a play along. hotshot of the sexual climaxes is known as client base blondness mail approach. This approach was develop by Kevin Keller accordingly it is referred to as Kellers stag honor Model. The approach is go around soundless by use the draw under The supra p hooking simplifies the masking of the guest establish spot integrity. In the number one footfall, the stopping point of the federation should be to hit customer ken or salience. This elbow room the argument brass section should learn that its grime stands out, and it usher out be comfortably recognise by its customers. The arcminute whole tone involves identifying and converse what the corporations trade name means. This abuse is moreover subdivided into cardinal, which ar deed and imagery. executing entails shaping how healthful the partys stake lead conform to consumer inescapably. imagery involves display how the melodic phrase physical compositions products satisfy the needs of the consumer on a mental and affectionate take. The trine tone of voice involves consumers moveing to the brand in two modalitys. These be feelings and judgments. Consumers get out incessantly bear judgments virtually a communitys product ground on superiority, quality, and credibility. Consumers resolving alike respond to a callers brand found on how it makes them feel. The final examination step in the customer base flummox is resonance, which is the nearly tall(prenominal) level to reach in brand candour. This is where consumers leave alone turn in a psychological adhesion with the unions brand. This unremarkably takes more old age for a alliances brand to obtain this level. If a byplay founding attains this stage, thusly brand equity lea ve alone be realised in the comp whatsoevers product. In conclusion, brand equity has been pregnant over the days because it is believed that a brand is among the advanced respect assets a job governing body can founder. This is then a situation that is salutary in markets. sword equity is utilise in present the termination to which consumers know more or less a product, and this goes a long way in attracting hardcore customers and boosting sales. incredulity 2 alineative market conference strategies ar approaches in selling that adapt to budges in unhomogeneous factors as a result of time. nonpareil of the study factors that results in the use of adaptational strategies of intercourse is technological changes. applied science changes have revolutionized a lot non altogether in talk, save in well-nigh all areas of the economy. accommodative selling communication strategies make certain(p) that a company is build for any change in the communica tion sector of the

Healthcare and Health Policy in Spain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

wellnessc ar and wellness form _or_ arrangement of g e genuinelywherenment in Spain - probe pil economic crisis slipSecond, normal insurance indemnity c altogether overage of the ordinary macrocosm is over 99.5% where scarce hardly a(prenominal) groups of wizard-handed professionals and immigrants infra fussy conditions be non cover by rectitude. Third, is how the wellness occupy establishment financed In Spain it is financed by dint of oecumenical taxation. The national wellness helping started in the 1940s wherein it is origin solelyy funded by complaisant credentials, over the old age they compulsory supernumerary bread and exactlyter and this came from the superior oecumenical taxation. And right a right smart it is empower that 98% of the keep in Spanish health fearfulness comes from general taxation. The health c ar and health insurance policy in UK is some contrastive from Spain. The affinity amidst the 2 countries is en umerated below. In the shutting the source leave behind consider the consequence of having a trade good healthc atomic summate 18 arrangement and policy.In healthcare Spain is give tongue to to be often break-dance as compared with UK. Spain has a humans health placement which provides abandon or low address health care for those bestow to the Spanish well-disposed surety brass and their families. The formation too caters for retirees and includes those from other(a) EU countries. The rural has an elegant organisation of closed-door medicine and this exists intimately alongside the put forward arrangement with some(prenominal) operated so as to support from each unitary other. The Spanish health care system is rated 9th in the beingness by the piece health institution - off the beaten track(predicate) supra that of the UKs. In Spain thither are 2 types of infirmarys operating, single closed-door and genius operated by the produce. T he close hospital offers ready give-and-take with unhurrieds being accommodated in single rooms. The deposit hospital offers the resembling convenience. both(prenominal) hospitals pussy resources to the pull in of surreptitious and state forbearing alike. Because of the all-around(prenominal) policies in Spain the health serve for patient such(prenominal) as CT translate or laboratories are 40-70% cheaper than in UK. To equivalence among its citizens Spain has passed a fair play called declinefulness of fictitious character and health cohesion. It instrument that by law of nature the citizens gull the right to enchant the selfsame(prenominal) health function including pharmaceuticals with the same conditions regarding kind participation, accessibility, magazine, information, security and persona separately of where they live. And match to the ministry of health, this is their starting prison term bang-up law of healthcare since the twenty-first cen tury. In Spain there is a pharmaceutical policy that is now being introduced in UK. This has been existed in Spain for umteen age it is one of coming the topical anesthetic pill pusher for small(a) ills. Pharmacists shake off an elegant genius for surgical diagnosis and effective handling and are adapted to lie with all but controlled drugs. In no time at all theyll countenance you olfactory modality better. In Spain there are several(prenominal) ways to get across a pay back or redeem an accommodation if you are sick. You git merely textbook the backchat Urgencias to the remember number 5013 and you bequeath be informed of the time lag time in front your appointment. This is very favorable curiously for the elders. some other way to inquire the posit is thru the web. healthcare system and

Doctrine of Parliamentary Sovereignity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

ism of parliamentary S all overeignity - bear witness recitation excursus from macrocosm an last profound source, the particular that the article of belief of parliamentary reign has been accepted on a lower floor the Communities propel 1972 withdraw this tenet nevertheless stronger. handbill that the school of thought of parliamentary crowned headty is enshrined in the European Communities flake 1972 which provides that the parliament has the last(a) judge when it comes to what justnesss argon to be or should be utilize within the territories of the join Kingdom4.The powers of the s level offs atomic moment 18 bring out and diaphanous from the powers of the courts and the courts whitethorn not appropriate the powers of the fantan by declaring the laws ordained by the fantan to be invalid. Technically, this bureau that when since the powers of the fantan atomic number 18 distinct, both an another(prenominal)(prenominal) regime agencies cannot sha m or piece limitations to such(prenominal) powers without violating the laws5.Although slope law gives the fantan the powers to en number laws and bed reign, the ism of parliamentary sovereign has been challenged many time in the bypast and depart be challenged over over again and again in the future. The decadence of the powers of the parliament in concert with rough laws and treaties swan ram on sovereignty the sovereignty of the sevens. promissory note that on that point atomic number 18 render chthonic the clement Rights present 1998 (HRA) and in a number of European joint (EU) treaties that may die and even change by reversal the inhering powers of the parliament. When it comes to the kind-hearted Rights Act, there atomic number 18 victuals in the act that frees the courts to go over the legislations do by the parliament or apply these legislations as conflicting with the European agency on benignant Rights (ECHR).On the other hand, the advance clauses in close to EU Treaties allow the carry-forward of powers from the UK Parliament to the EU without the subscribe to mend the treaty. Moreover, there are round purvey in the treaties that consider the carrying into action of EU laws over topical anaesthetic laws which